Jordan River On A Map

Atlas

Jordan River and surrounding surface area

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Additional information from OpenBible.info

Occurrences

Genesis 13:10 Lot lifted upwardly his eyes, and saw all the plain of the Jordan, that it was well-watered everywhere, before Yahweh destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah, like the garden of Yahweh, like the land of Arab republic of egypt, equally y'all go to Zoar.

Numbers 22:1 The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan at Jericho.

Deuteronomy one:1 These are the words which Moses spoke to all Israel beyond the Hashemite kingdom of jordan in the wilderness, in the Arabah over confronting Suph, between Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and Dizahab.

Joshua 1:2 "Moses my servant is expressionless; now therefore arise, go over this Jordan, y'all, and all this people, to the state which I requite to them, even to the children of Israel.

Judges three:28 He said to them, "Follow me; for Yahweh has delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand." They followed him, and took the fords of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan confronting the Moabites, and didn't allow any man to pass over.

i Samuel thirteen:vii Now some of the Hebrews had gone over the Jordan to the state of Gad and Gilead; but equally for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.

2 Samuel 2:29 Abner and his men went all that night through the Arabah; and they passed over the Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and came to Mahanaim.

one Kings two:eight "Behold, at that place is with you Shimei the son of Gera, the Benjamite, of Bahurim, who cursed me with a grievous curse in the solar day when I went to Mahanaim; simply he came downwards to meet me at the Jordan, and I swore to him past Yahweh, saying,'I will non put you to death with the sword.'

2 Kings 2:6 Elijah said to him, "Delight wait hither, for Yahweh has sent me to the Jordan." He said, "As Yahweh lives, and every bit your soul lives, I will non get out you." They both went on.

1 Chronicles 6:78 and beyond the Hashemite kingdom of jordan at Jericho, on the eastward side of the Jordan, were given them, out of the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the wilderness with its suburbs, and Jahzah with its suburbs,

two Chronicles 4:17 In the plain of the Jordan did the rex cast them, in the dirt footing betwixt Succoth and Zeredah.

Job 40:23 Behold, if a river overflows, he doesn't tremble. He is confident, though the Hashemite kingdom of jordan swells even to his rima oris.

Isaiah 9:one Simply at that place shall exist no more gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time, he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the state of Naphtali; simply in the latter fourth dimension he has made it glorious, by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.

Jeremiah 12:5 If yous have run with the footmen, and they accept wearied yous, then how can you lot contend with horses? and though in a state of peace you are secure, yet how volition you do in the pride of the Jordan?

Ezekiel 47:18 The e side, between Hauran and Damascus and Gilead, and the land of Israel, shall be the Jordan; from the north border to the east sea you shall measure. This is the east side.

Zechariah xi:three A voice of the wailing of the shepherds! For their celebrity is destroyed: a phonation of the roaring of young lions! For the pride of the Jordan is ruined.

Matthew three:5 Then people from Jerusalem, all of Judea, and all the region around the Jordan went out to him.

Matthew 3:half dozen They were baptized by him in the Jordan, confessing their sins.

Matthew three:thirteen Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Hashemite kingdom of jordan to John, to be baptized by him.

Matthew four:fifteen "The land of Zebulun and the state of Naphtali, toward the body of water, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles,

Matthew iv:25 Great multitudes from Galilee, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea and from across the Jordan followed him.

Matthew 19:1 Information technology happened when Jesus had finished these words, he departed from Galilee, and came into the borders of Judea beyond the Jordan.

Marking 1:five All the country of Judea and all those of Jerusalem went out to him. They were baptized by him in the Hashemite kingdom of jordan river, confessing their sins.

Mark ane:9 It happened in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized by John in the Hashemite kingdom of jordan.

Mark 3:eight from Jerusalem, from Idumaea, beyond the Hashemite kingdom of jordan, and those from effectually Tyre and Sidon. A great multitude, hearing what great things he did, came to him.

Mark 10:1 He arose from at that place and came into the borders of Judea and beyond the Hashemite kingdom of jordan. Multitudes came together to him again. As he usually did, he was again teaching them.

Luke 3:1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate existence governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his blood brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,

Luke three:3 He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for remission of sins.

Luke 4:i Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Hashemite kingdom of jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness

John 1:1 In the kickoff was the Discussion, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

John 1:28 These things were done in Bethany beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing.

John 3:26 They came to John, and said to him, "Rabbi, he who was with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you take testified, behold, the aforementioned baptizes, and anybody is coming to him."

John 10:40 He went abroad once more across the Hashemite kingdom of jordan into the place where John was baptizing at get-go, and there he stayed.

Encyclopedia

JORDAN

jor'-dan (yarden, "flowing downward"; 'Iordanes):

1. Source:

The Hashemite kingdom of jordan river proper begins at the junction of four streams (the Bareighit, the Hasbany, the Leddan, and the Banias), in the upper office of the obviously of Lake Huleh. The Bareighit receives its supply of water from the hills on the West, which split up the valley from the river Litany, and is the least important of the four. The Hasbany is the longest of the iv (40 miles), issuing from a great fountain at the western pes of Mt. Hermon near Hasbeiya, 1,700 ft. in a higher place the sea, and descends 1,500 ft. in its course to the plain. The Leddan is the largest of the 4 streams, issuing in several fountains at the pes of the mound Tell el-kady (Dan, or Laish) at an acme of 505 ft. above the ocean. The Banias issues from a historic fountain near the boondocks of Banias, which is identified as the Caesarea Philippi associated with the transfiguration. The ancient proper name was Paneas, originating from a grotto consecrated to the god Pan. At this place Herod erected a temple of white marble dedicated to Augustus Caesar. This is probably the Baal-gad of Joshua 11:17 and 12:7. Its distance is 1,100 ft. above tide, and the stream falls almost 600 ft. in the 5 miles of its class to the head of the Jordan.

2. Lake Huleh:

The valley of Lake Huleh, through which the Jordan wends its way, is about 20 miles long and 5 miles broad, bordered on either side by hills and mountains attaining elevations of three,000 ft. Afterward flowing 4 or five miles through a fertile plain, the Jordan enters a morass of marshy land which well-nigh fills the valley, with the exception of 1 or 2 miles betwixt it and the base of operations of the mountains upon the western side. This morass is most impenetrable by reason of bushes and papyrus reeds, which in places also render navigation of the aqueduct difficult even with a canoe. Lake Huleh, into which the river here expands, is merely 7 ft. above tide, and is slowly contracting its size by reason of the aggregating of the decaying vegetation of the surrounding morass, and of the sediment brought in by the river and 3 tributary mount torrents. Its continued existence is testify of the limited catamenia through which nowadays weather have been maintained. Information technology volition non be many thousand years before it will be entirely filled and the morass be inverse into a fertile evidently. When the spies visited the region, the lake must have been much larger than information technology is now.

At the southern end of Lake Huleh, the valley narrows upwards to a width of a few hundred yards, and the river begins its descent into levels beneath the Mediterranean. The river is here only about threescore ft. wide, and in less than 9 miles descends 689 ft. through a narrow rocky gorge, where it meets the delta which it has deposited at the head of the Sea of Galilee, and slowly winds its fashion to come across its waters. Throughout this delta the river is hands fordable during a corking part of the year.

3. Sea of Galilee:

The Sea of Galilee occupies an expansion of the Jordan valley 12 miles long and from 3 to half-dozen miles wide. The hills, reaching, in general, 1,200 or 1,500 ft. above the lake, come down close to its margin on every side. On the East and Southward they are mainly of volcanic origin, and to some extent of the same character on the Northwest side to a higher place Tiberias. In the time of Christ the mouth of the river may have been a half-mile or more farther upwards the delta than now.

4. The Yarmuk:

As all the sediment of the upper Jordan settles in the vicinity of the delta about Capernaum, a stream of pellucid h2o issues from the southern end of the lake, at the modern town of Kerak. Before it reaches the Dead Body of water, however, it becomes overloaded with sediment. From Kerak the opening of the valley is grand in the extreme. A corking plainly on the Due east stretches to the hills of Decapolis, and to the South, equally far every bit the eye can reach, through the Ghor which descends to the Dead Sea, bordered by mount walls on either side. Iv or 5 miles below, information technology is joined on the East past the Yarmuk, the ancient Hieromax the largest of all its tributaries. The debris brought down by this stream has formed a fertile delta terrace 3 or 4 miles in bore, which now, every bit in ancient times, is an attractive place for herdsmen and agriculturists. The valley of the Yarmuk now furnishes a natural grade for the Acre and Damascus Railroad, as it did for the caravan routes of early times. The town of Gadara lies upon an elevation but Southward of the Yarmuk and 4 or 5 miles Eastward of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan.

Ten miles below the lake, the river is joined on the W by Wddy el-Bireh, which descends from the vicinity of Nazareth, between Mt. Tabor and Endor, and furnishes a natural entrance from the Jordan to Key Galilee. An aqueduct here still furnishes water for the upper terrace of the Ghor. Wddy el-Arab, with a minor perennial stream, comes in hither likewise from the Due east.

5. El-Ghor:

Twenty miles below Lake Galilee the river is joined by the of import Wady el-Jalud, which descends through the valley of Jezreel between Mt. Gilboa and the range of the Little Hermon (the loma Moreh of Judges vii:1). This valley leads up from the Jordan to the valley of Esdrelon and thence to Nazareth, and furnished the usual road for Jews going from Jerusalem to Nazareth when they wished to avert the Samaritans. This route naturally takes ane past Beisan (Bethshean), where the bodies of Saul and Jonathan were exposed by the Philistines, and past Shunem and Nain. At that place is a marked expansion of the Ghor opposite Beisan, constituting an important agricultural commune. The town of Pella, to which the Christians fled at the time of the devastation of Jerusalem, lies upon the East side of the Ghor; while Jabesh-gilead, where the bodies of Saul and Jonathan were finally taken by their friends and cremated, is a picayune further up the slope of Gilead. Twenty miles further down, the Ghor, on the East, is joined by Wady Zerka (the beck Jabbok), the second largest tributary, separating Ammon from Gilead, its upper tributaries flowing past Ammon, Mizpeh, and Ramoth-gilead. It was downwards this valley that Jacob descended to Succoth.

A few miles below, the Wady Farah, whose head is at Sychar betwixt Mts. Ebal and Gerizim, descends from the West, furnishing the natural route for Jacob'due south entrance to the promised land.

At Damieh (probably the Adam of Joshua 3:xvi), the Ghor is narrowed upwardly by the projection, from the W, of the mountain ridge terminating in Kurn Surtubeh, which rises abruptly to a top of ii,000 ft. above the river.

The section of the Ghor between Damieh and the Dead Sea is of a pretty uniform width of 10 to 12 miles and is of a much more uniform level than the upper portions, but its fertility is interfered with by the lack of water and the difficulty of irrigation. From the vicinity of Jericho, an old Roman road follows upward the Wady Nawaimeh, which furnished Joshua a natural line of approach to Ai, while through the Wady el-Kelt is opened the natural road to Jerusalem. Both Ai and the Mount of Olives are visible from this betoken of the Ghor.

6. The Zor:

In a direct line it is just 70 miles from Lake Galilee to the Expressionless Sea, and this is the total length of the lower plain (the Zor); just and so numerous are the windings of the river across the flood plain from one bluff to the other that the length of the river is fully 200 miles. Col. Lynch reported the occurrence of 27 rapids, which wholly interrupted navigation, and many others which rendered it hard. The major part of the descent below Lake Galilee takes place before reaching Damieh, 1,140 ft. beneath the Mediterranean. While the bluffs of the Ghor upon either side of the Zor, are nearly continuous and uniform below Damieh, higher up this signal they are much dissected by the erosion of tributary streams. Still, nigh everywhere, an extended view brings to calorie-free the original uniform level of the sedimentary deposits formed when the valley was filled with h2o to a elevation of 650 ft. (meet ARABAH; DEAD Sea).

The river itself averages nearly 100 ft. in width when bars strictly inside its channel, but in the early on jump months the flood apparently of the Zor is completely overflowed, bringing into its thickets a slap-up amount of driftwood which increases the difficulty of penetrating it, and temporarily drives out ferocious animals to infest the neighboring country.

7. The Fords of Jordan:

Co-ordinate to Conder, there are no less than 60 fording-places between Lake Galilee and the Dead Sea. For the almost part it will be seen that these occur at rapids, or over bars deposited past the streams which descend from ane side or the other, every bit, for example, below the mouths of the Yarmuk, Jabbok, Jalud and Kelt. These fords are, still, impassable during the high h2o of the winter and leap months. Until the occupation by the Romans, no bridges were built; simply they and their successors erected them at diverse places, notably beneath the mouth of the Yarmuk, and the Jabbok, and virtually opposite Jericho.

Notwithstanding the cracking number of fords where it is possible to cross at low water, those which were so related to the lines of travel equally to be of much avail were few. Beginning near the mouth of the Jordan and proceeding northward, there was a ford at el-Henu leading direct from Jericho to the highlands Northeast of the Expressionless Sea. Ii or three miles further to the N is the ford of the pilgrims, all-time known of all, at the rima oris of Wady Kelt. A few miles farther up the river on the route leading from Jericho to es-Salt, almost the mouth of the Wady Nimrin, at that place is now a bridge where the dependence was formerly upon the ford. Just beneath the mouth of the Wady Zerka (Jabbok) is the ford of Damieh, where the road from Shechem comes downwards to the river. A bridge was at in one case congenital over the river at this point; but owing to a change in the course of the stream this is now over a dry out h2o-class. The adjacent important crossing-place is at the opening of the valley of Jezreel coming in from the West, where probably the Bethabara of the New Attestation should exist located. Upon this ford a number of caravan routes from East to West converge. The next important crossing-place is at el-Mujamia, 2 or iii miles beneath the oral fissure of the Yarmuk. Hither, also, at that place was a Roman bridge. There are also some traces of an ancient bridge remaining merely below the exit of the river from Lake Galilee, where there was a ford of special importance to the people residing on the shores of this lake who could not afford to cross in boats. Between Lake Galilee and Lake Huleh, an easy ford leads across the delta of the stream a fiddling in a higher place its junction with the lake; while 2 or three miles beneath Lake Huleh is plant "the bridge of Jacob'due south daughters" on the line of 1 of the principal routes between Damascus and Galilee. In a higher place Lake Huleh the various tributaries are hands crossed at several places, though a bridge is required to cross the Bareighit virtually its mouth, and another on the Hasbany on the primary road from Caesarea Philippi to Sidon, at el-Ghagar.

George Frederick Wright

Hashemite kingdom of jordan VALLEY

1. Physical Peculiarities:

As more fully detailed elsewhere (run into ARABAH; Expressionless SEA; GEOLOGY OF PALESTINE), the Jordan valley in its lower portion occupies a remarkable depression in the earth'due south surface, reaching its greatest depth in the Expressionless Body of water, the surface of which is 1,300 ft., the bottom two,600 ft. below tide level, the portion of the bowl below the level of the bounding main existence most 100 miles in length and from 10 to xv miles in breadth at base, and from 2 to iii times that distance betwixt the bordering summits of the mountains and plateaus on either side. In the early prehistoric flow, corresponding with the Glacial epoch, this depression was filled with h2o to a pinnacle of 1,400 ft. (see references above) which gradually disappeared by evaporation as present climatic weather came on. At an elevation of approximately 650 ft. above the Expressionless Sea, very extensive sedimentary deposits were made, which, while appearing only in fragments along the shores of the Dead Sea, are continuous over the bottom of the valley (the so-called Ghor), farther North. These deposits are from 100 to 200 ft. thick, consisting of fabric which was brought downwards into the valley by the tributary mountain streams descending from each side, while the water stood at this college level. Naturally these deposits gradient gradually from the sides of the valley toward the center, the coarser material of the deposits being nearer the sides, and the amount of sediment beingness much increased opposite the mouths of the larger streams. The eolith was at beginning continuous over the entire Ghor, or valley, but has since been much dissected past the Jordan river and its tributaries. The Jordan itself has eroded a channel through the soft sediment, 100 ft. more or less deep, from Lake Galilee to the Dead Sea, a distance in a straight line of about 70 miles. At outset this channel was narrow, but information technology has been constantly enlarged by the stream as it has meandered from side to side, undercutting the banks so that they cavern into the river and are washed down to fill up up the Expressionless Sea, a process which is especially familiar to residents upon the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. This narrow gorge is called the Zor, and will hereafter be referred to under this name. The Zor at present averages virtually i/two mile wide, the about of which is occupied by a overflowing plain extending from the banks of the river to the foot of the sedimentary bluffs on either side. This overflowing patently is so overgrown with brush and reeds that information technology is practically impenetrable, except by wild beasts, which, according to Scriptural references, have infested information technology from earliest times, amid which may be mentioned the lion, the tiger, the wild boar. During the spring months, when the snows are melting from Mt. Hermon and cloudbursts are sending sudden torrents of water down the river courses from the plateau of Gilead and the mountains of Samaria, the Jordan "overflows all its banks," i.e. covers this flood plain and drives out the beasts to infest the neighborhood for a short time.

The surface of this one-time lake bed has also been much dissected by the tributary streams which come in from either side, they having cut channels across the Ghor downwards to a depth corresponding to that of the Zor. As a consequence the roads leading upwards the valley observe information technology necessary to hug the base of the mountains on either side to avoid the abrupt descent into the channels of the tributary streams, which are deepest about their mouths. Another natural consequence of these physical peculiarities is that agriculture cannot exist carried on except as water to gargle the level surfaces of the Ghor is carried out from the higher levels of the perennial streams. There are many remains of such aqueducts for irrigation synthetic in early times. These are now most all in ruins and unused. Merrill, however, estimates that 200 foursquare miles of the Jordan valley, over which the surface is as level as a prairie, and as costless from stones, could be irrigated at the present time and made as fruitful equally the valley of the Nile. But from time immemorial settled agriculture in the Ghor has been rendered precarious past the incursions of the nomadic tribes, who periodically come downward from the desert regions on the East.

ii. Descriptions:

Two descriptions (the first from my ain journal) of the general views obtained of the Jordan valley from adjoining elevated points will give vividness to our conceptions of this remarkable depression.

"Information technology was the middle of December when, subsequently wading all mean solar day across the southern flanks of Mt. Hermon, through snowfall knee-deep for our horses, we descended beneath the clouds and the snowfall to the brink of the eastern mountain wall overlooking the upper valley of the Jordan. It was a sight ever to exist remembered, with the glistering peak of Mt. Hermon to our right, and the jagged walls of the borders of Naphtali stretching across the horizon on the West, only a few miles away, while between and at our anxiety were the green fields of the upper Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley, through which ran the silver thread of the river, broadening out into the expanded waters of Lake Merom. Over the plain could dimly exist seen the black tents of the Arabs, and the husbandmen plowing the fields for an early harvest. No wonder the spies were impressed with the attractiveness and fertility of the region." This of the upper Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley.

Dr. Merrill gives the following clarification of the view of the lower Jordan valley from the peak of Kurn Surtabeh, March 23: "Jebel esh Sheikh (Mt. Hermon) was covered with snowfall, and so was the Lebanon range farther to the West and Northward. Lake Merom and the volcanic peaks on the patently to the East of information technology and South of Hermon were distinctly seen, besides the Sea of Galilee, the hills about Safed, the hills West of Tiberias and the slope from their summit, which inclines toward Mt. Tabor; too Gamala and Gadara, all the range of Jebel `Ajlun or hills of Gilead, Kulat er Rubad, Jebel Meisera and Jebel Osha, the mountains of Moab, and the Dead Sea. But the mere naming of different points that tin can exist seen gives no adequate idea of the extent and magnificence of the prospect which i enjoys from the acme of this foreign landmark. Hills to the West obstruct the view in that direction, and to the East nothing can be seen across the highest part of the Moab and Gilead ranges, but information technology is the n-and-s sweep which makes the prospect a glorious one. No linguistic communication tin picture correctly the Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley, the winding stream, the jungles on its banks, the strange Ghor with its white, ragged sides, the vast plain of the valley, through and in the center of which the lower Ghor (the Zor) is sunk, the dense green oases formed here and at that place by some mountain stream, and the still, lifeless sea, every bit bright and motionless every bit molten lead, lying far to the South, catastrophe the great valley and touching the mountains on either side! This is an outline merely, but I cannot summon to my assistance words which volition describe it more accurately. The Jordan valley or Ghor, in front end of Surtabeh, is nearly 8 miles wide, and looks like a vast evidently. The lower Ghor (Zor) is the ragged channel cutting down forth the centre of the large one. This stardom of the upper and lower Ghor is by no means and then strikingly divers higher up the mouth of the Zerka as it is below that signal, and all the mode thence to the Dead Sea."

3. Division into Eight Sections:

Considered in particular the valley may be divided, every bit Conder suggests, into 8 sections. "First the portion betwixt Banias and the Huleh, where it is some 5 miles broad, with steep cliffs some 2,000 ft. loftier on either side and a broad marsh between. Secondly, from the Huleh to the Sea of Galilee, where the stream runs shut to the eastern hills, and about 4 miles from the base of those on the Westward, which rise toward the high Safed mountains, more than 3,500 ft. above the lake. Thirdly, for 13 miles from the S finish of the Body of water of Galilee to the neighborhood of Beisan. Here the valley is merely 1 i/2 miles broad West of the river, and about three on the East, the steep cliffs of the plateau of Kaukab el Hawa on the West reaching an altitude of ane,800 ft. in a higher place the stream.

"South of Beisan is the quaternary district, with a evidently West of Jordan, 12 miles long and 6 miles wide, the line of hills on the East existence directly, and the foot of the mountains on this side most two miles from the river. In the neighborhood of Beisan, the cross-section of the plain shows 3 levels: that of the shelf on which Beisan stands, about 300 ft. below body of water-level; that of the Ghor itself, some 400 ft. lower, reached by an nearly precipitous descent; and that of the Zor, or narrow trench, from a half to a quarter of a mile wide, and about 150 ft. lower nevertheless. The higher shelf extends westward to the pes of Gilboa; it dies abroad on the South, but on the Due north it gradually rises into the plateau of Kaukab and to the western table-land above the sea of Galilee, 1,800 ft. above Jordan.

"Later leaving the Beisan plain, the river passes through a narrow valley 12 miles long and 2 or 3 miles wide, with a raised table-country to the West, having a level averaging about 500 ft. above the sea. The Beisan plain is full of springs of fresh water, some of which are thermal, only a big current of common salt warm water flows down Wady Maleh, at the northern extremity of this 5th district.

"In the 6th district, the Damieh region, the valley again opens to a width of about 3 miles on the Due west, and five on the East of J. The bully block of the Kurn Surtubeh here stands out like a bastion, on the West, ii,400 ft. above the river. Passing this mount, the 7th district is entered-a broad valley extending from most Fusail to `Osh el Ghurab, North of Jericho. In this region the Ghor itself is 5 miles broad, West of the river, and rather more on the E. The lower trench or Zor is as well wider here and more distinctly separated from the Ghor. A curious geographical feature of this region was too discovered past the Survey party. The corking affluents of the Far'ah and `Aujeh practice not flow straight to Hashemite kingdom of jordan, but turn South about a mile West of it, and each runs, for about 6 miles, most parallel with the river; thus the mouth of the Far'ah is actually to be institute just where that of the adjacent valley is shown on virtually maps.

"The 8th and terminal commune is that of the apparently of Jericho, which, with the respective basin (Ghor-es-Seiseban) East of Jordan, measures over 8 miles Northward and South, and more xiv across, with Hashemite kingdom of jordan about in the middle. The Zor is here almost a mile wide, and some 200 ft. below the broad apparently of the Ghor."

4. Climate Creature and Flora:

Owing to its depression below sea-level the climate of the lower Jordan valley is even more than tropical. In the summer months thermometer scarcely falls below 100 degrees F., even in the dark; merely during the wintertime months, though the days are hot, thermometer ofttimes goes down to xl degrees in the nighttime fourth dimension.

The animate being of this part of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley and nigh the Dead Bounding main is said by Tristram (SWP, "Fauna and Flora") to be identical with that now existing in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia. Of the mammalia characteristic of this general region, 34 are Ethiopian and sixteen Indian, though there is now no possible connection with either Ethiopia or India. The fish of the Jordan prove shut analogousness to many species of the Nile and of the lakes and rivers of tropical Africa. Many species of birds, also, at present confined to the lower basin and the Expressionless Sea, are related to Ethiopian and Indian species.

The flora is equally interesting. Out of 162 species of plants found at the Southwest corner of the Dead Sea, 135 species are African in their affinity. In the marshes of Lake Huleh, many acres are covered with the papyrus found, which became extinct in Egypt long ago, and is now establish in Africa just in the Upper Nile beyond the 7th degree of North latitude. The virtually common trees and plants of the Hashemite kingdom of jordan valley are the castor-oil plant and the oleander, flourishing particularly nigh Jericho, several varieties of the acacia tree, the antic plant, the Dead Sea apple tree (Solanum Sodomaeum) the oser tree of the Arabs, tamarisks, Agnus casti (a flowering bamboo), Balanites Aegyptiaca (supposed to be the balm of Gilead), Populus Euphratica (a plant establish all over Primal Asia only not West of the Jordan), and many tropical plants, among which may be mentioned Zygophyllum coccineum, Boerhavia, Indigofera, several Astragali, Cassias, Gymnocarpum, and Nitraria.

George Frederick Wright

Hashemite kingdom of jordan, river, rises in Lebanon, runs, if measured on a straight line, not more than 136 miles from its highest source w. of Mt. Hermon to the Expressionless Bounding main. Runs through two lakes, the waters of Merom and the body of water of Tiberias, and descends 3000 ft. from its source to the Dead Sea; is from 45 to 180 ft. wide and has 27 important rapids between the sea of Tiberias and the Dead Ocean and overflows its banks in the spring. Although it is non quite 65 ms. from the bounding main of Tiberias to the Expressionless Bounding main, its crooked class runs nearly 200 ms. in that distance, in a management almost due south.

Strong's Greek

G2446: Iordans

the Jordan, the largest river of Pal.